The Alexa Traffic Rank gives a statement about the popularity of the tested website.
"The traffic rank is based on three months of aggregated historical traffic data from millions of Alexa Toolbar users and is a combined measure of page views and users (reach). As a first step, Alexa computes the reach and number of page views for all sites on the Web on a daily basis.The main Alexa traffic rank is based on the geometric mean of these two quantities averaged over time (so that the rank of a site reflects both the number of users who visit that site as well as the number of pages on the site viewed by those users)."
Source and further information: www.alexa.com.
The tested web site contains a good (<= 500'000) traffic ranking.
Frames break numerous conventions that web users had grown used to, e.g. the possibility to save a specific website as a favourite or to mail the direct URL to a friend. In addition, when viewed with older browsers, frames disable the 'Back' button and make it impossible to print out the webpage. Frames are to be avoided as far as possible, even though later generation browsers can handle them better.
Source:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger
Further information:
http://www.html-faq.com/htmlframes/?FramesAreEvil
The tested website does not use frames.
Intros inhibit website users to access the information they were looking for. In addition they convey the impression that the website owners place more importance on the design than on the offer of information or solutions to their customers. A website needs to instantly communicate what it is about and what a user can expect to find. The website must also take account of the little time available to the website user. It should be noted that users spend in average only 2 minutes on a website.
An intro page to allow language or regional choice is unnecessary, as there is a possibility to identify this automatically.
Javascript intros for re-directing and configuration purposes are also discouraged, even though users hardly notice them, as they have an impact on search engines and accessibility. Nowadays there are better alternatives to be used server-side.
Please note that you may not be able to see an intro page, depending on language settings, IP address and other user criteria. The intro page may, however, show for other users, and it is available for search engines, spiders and bots.
Source:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger
Further information:
http://www.kundennutzen.ch/intros.php
http://nitzsche.info/de.pub-2-vorschaltseiten.php
No intro page was found on the tested website.
Web users often want to print the content of a page. Neat printing of the content (e.g. without having the borders cut off) can be achieved by implementing a print function and also by including stylesheets which have been optimised for printing.
Further information:
http://www.thestyleworks.de/tut-art/layout_print.shtml
The tested website contains one print function or stylesheets optimised for printing
The website must contain a precise "title tag", a page title. This is based on the following:
- The title is displayed on the title bar of the browser window.
- The title is used when setting a bookmark (or favourite).
- The file title is shown in the browser in the list of pages previously searched.
- Many search engines offer the title as a hyperlink.
- Search engines use the content of the title for their search.
- Website users often only read the first words and should therefore have enough information about the website.
Therefore, default titles such as "untitled document" or "untitled page" or just "title" are not useful.
Further information:
http://www.aboutwebdesign.de/awd/content/1089111663.shtmlhttp://ranta.info/ThemaTitle
The tested website contains a page title.
The website must contain a precise and meaningful "title tag", a page title. This is based on the following:
- The title is displayed on the title bar of the browser window.
- The title is used when setting a bookmark (or favourite).
- The file title is shown in the browser in the list of pages previously searched.
- Many search engines offer the title as a hyperlink.
- Search engines use the content of the title for their search.
- Website users often only read the first words and should therefore have enough information about the website.
Equally important is the choice of precise and meaningful titles. The content should be summarised in the title, helping users to find the information needed. According to Nielsen, titles should not be longer than 60 characters.
Source and further information:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger and
http://www.useit.com/alertbox/weblogs.html,
http://www.usability-now.com/suchmaschinenoptimierung/.
The tested website complies with this requirement.
Each page of a website should have its own page title, which reflects the content of the page itself. This carries many advantages, e.g. page titles are used for bookmarking and are read by search engines. Unique page titles therefore lead to search engine optimisation.
Further information:
http://www.socialpatterns.com/search-engine-optimization/writing-better-titles/
The tested website complies with the requirements.
HTML is a mark-up language used to create websites, and is independent of platforms.
"HTML is not a programming language, since HTML does not allow to, say, control a robot, set a variable or programme a game." (Quelle)
The display of invalid or incorrect documents depends on the software reading them (browser, roboter, screenreader, etc; see above). However, the display will vary greatly depending on the software, and this can lead to errors, often without the knowledge of the website manager, since it is impossible to test the website against all updates of all the software.
Non validated HTML source text can cause high costs, especially if it causes the software to look for an error or if the functionality and therefore the user experience is impacted.
Further information:
The validity of the HTML source text can be checked with a so-called 'validator'.
Examples:
Further information
http://blog.antikoerperchen.de/beitrag/28/validierung-wozu-warum-valider-html-code-wichtig-ist.html
Acronyms:
HTML: HyperText Markup Language
The tested website contains valid XHTML source text.
Pop-ups tend to annoy web users, as they appear suddenly and cannot be controlled. In addition, many users associate pop-ups with untrustworthy gambling and porn sites. User-friendly websites should therefore not include pop-ups, with the following exception: a print-preview of a page displayed as a pop-up.
Source:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger
Further information:
http://www.usability.ch/Alt_nav/Alertbox/NJ_20041206.htm
Your website does not contain pop-ups.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
"Times New Roman" is the font mostly used in printing. For online usage, however, it is advised to use it with a size of 12 points or more. Basically, Nielsen does not advise to use it, as it is not perceived as being professional and does not appeal to any age group.
Source and further information:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger
No Times New Roman font was found on the tested website.
This page is optimized for ... or "Best viewed with Netscape Navigator and 800x600" reduce unnecessarily the usability of a website and tell the website user to choose the "correct" configuration to allow an optimised display of the website. It is the duty of the website owner (web designer) to create a site so that it remains functional without loosing appeal in as many browsers and browser configurations as possible.
Further information:http://www.htmlhelp.com/feature/art2.htm ""This page optimized for ..." - arguing with customers -" the website Design Group.
No text reading "This page optimized for ..." was found on the tested website.
Links to web files placed on local files do not work, and are therefore classed as 'dead' links. Such links should be avoided.
The tested website complies with the requirements.
Marking previously visited hyperlinks helps users to identify which pages of the website have previously been read. In other words, according to Nielsen the navigation interface should answer three essential questions: "Where am I?", "Where have I been?" and "Where can I go?"
Source and further information:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger and "Designing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen
Previously visited hyperlinks are marked accordingly. Make sure that the marking is obvious enough, without highlighting the link itself but by keeping a contrast with the background.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
Internet users expect hyperlinks to be either coulour coded or underlined. Therefore, the tag "underline" should not be used for non hyperlinked text. Using the tag "underline" for non hyperlinked text confuses the user, making it more difficult to recognise genuine hyperlinks.
Source and further information:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen and Hora Loranger
http://www.usability.ch/Alt_nav/Alertbox/NJ_20040510.htm
No "underline" tages for non hyperlinked text were found on the tested website.
Not all visually impaired people make use of technical support to navigate on the internet. The feature to increase fonts is an important element to ensure that all information of the website can be read by all users. Even people who are not visually impaired need to increase the font sometimes. At the same time, an increasing number of older people surf the web; they too need a feature to increase the font. To this purpose, it is important to define the font size not in pixel, but in percentage or "em".
Source and further information:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger
The tested website complies with all requests.
"Description" is used to summarise the content of a HTML-page as short and incisive as possible. The content of this meta information is not shown to the user in the internet browser, but search engines do use them to a certain extent to evaluate the relevance of a site for the results page.
The description summarises the content in one sentence. The summaries are normally shown on the results page of search engines and contribute a great deal to the choice of web users.
Further information:
http://de.selfhtml.org/html/kopfdaten/meta.htm#beschreibung
The tested website contains a description on the homepage and on up to four sub-pages.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
"Even though machine-level addressing like the URL should never have been exposed in the user interface, it is there and we have found that users actually try to decode the URLs of pages to infer the structure of web sites. Users do this because of the horrifying lack of support for navigation and sense of location in current web browsers. Thus, a URL should contain human-readable directory and file names that reflect the nature of the information space."
Source:
http://www.useit.com/alertbox/9605a.html
Further information:
http://www.w3.org/QA/Tips/uri-choose
The tested web site does not contain URLs that are too complex.
Many web users use two to three search words. Particularly web users who are focused on their search use sentences rather than single keywords, in order to narrow the search.
Do not limit yourself with keywords, but use use search phrases like "feed the dog" or "vaccinate the baby". For the most used search phrases, well known search engines and directories display special offers. As an example: www.yahoo.com on http://searchmarketing.yahoo.com/de_CH/rc/srch/oyr.php#.
Source and further information:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger
The tested website uses search phrases.
When clicking on a link, web users expect to see the new page in the existing window. Most users lose control if there are several windows open, are unable to navigate back with the back function and get lost. At the same time, and this is particularly true for old computers, the system can get overloaded and crash if too many browser windows open. If new windows open but are not seen by the user, the perception is that the website does not work properly. Experienced users who want to open new windows know how to do this by using the function "Open (link) in New Window", or with similar comands.
There is one important exception to this rule: files in .PDF or other Office format can be opened in new windows. Users know to close them to return to the original window. In this case, users should be informed that a new window opened, and they should be given the opportunity to save the file.
Technical hint: For XHTML Strict in particular, there is the possibility to send a .PDF file with ContentType "application/pdf" and HTTP Header content-disposition: attachment; filename=filename.pdf, since there is no target attribute. This test does not take it into account yet, but this is a feasible solution.
Source and further information:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger
Only office files are opened in new windows from the tested website; all other links do not lead to a new window.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
Separating design and structure of the website carries great advantages. The sharper the distinction, the more independent the two areas are. A lack of such a distinction is also called a "spaghetti mark-up" or a "tag-soup" (from the term "HTML tag").
Nowadays it is easy to save colours, type fonts, design images and to a large extent even the layout of the website in CSS files (CSS = Cascading Style Sheet).
Further information:
http://www.style-sheets.de/guide/grundlagen/warum_css
http://www.vorsprungdurchwebstandards.de/theory/retro-coding/
Hint for IT technicians: "Code" does not refer to javascript, but to HTML source.
No spaghetti mark-up was found on the tested website.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
Blinking and moving text should be avoided. website users would like to read at their own pace and usually they class moving text as unimportant ads. Static text can be read quicker by users and does force them to wait for returning text. Furthermore, problems may arise when printing the page.
Source and further information: "Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger, as well as hints on http://www.barrierefreies-webdesign.de/
No blinking or moving text was found on the tested website.
HTML is only one of a series of markup languages, though it is the best known one. HTML is relatively old and has seen various, rather different variations. The Document Type Declaration indicates which markup language and which version of it has been used. A sorting software, e.g. a web browser, can understand this indication.
Source and further information: http://de.selfhtml.org/html/allgemein/grundgeruest.htm.
The tested website contains a Document Type Declaration.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
So called "black lists" are kept worldwide to avoid spam. The lists contain domains, e-mail addresses or IP addresses. Incoming e-mails can be treated separately if they are found to relate to one of the criteria listed. This can range from completely deny reception to a delay, from deletion to the marking as spam. Black lists can be kept locally or centrally on servers, in what is called a "Realtime Blackhole List" (RBL).
Currently, the tested Domain is not listed in any on the reviewed black lists.
A text in upper case reduces the reading speed by approx. 10%. The single words of the text are not easily recognised by the eye, and the whole text blurs into a block. A text in upper case is perceived as aggressive, amateurish, childish and unprofessional. Use upper case only for short titles.
Source and further information:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger.
Compare also with Schriver, Karen in Dynamics in Document Design, page 274:
"When text is set in all capital letters, reading speed is slowed about 13 to 20 percent. Reading speed is optimal when uppercase and lowercase letters are used. When extra emphasis is needed, bold has been found to be a better cue than uppercase."
No text in upper case has been found on the tested website.
The titles need to be ordered in a sytematic and logical way, i.e. there can be no jump going from h1 toi h6. In addition, the first title must be h1.
Further information:
http://www.vorsprungdurchwebstandards.de/theory/retro-coding/
(Chapter: "Semantisch strukturiertes HTML" = "Semantically structured HTML)
The title structure of the tested website is correct.
Keywords allow internal and external search crawlers to find content for interested users. Keywords should be chosen from the language and vocabulary of the web user to describe the page content as closely as possible. .
The use of precise and meaningful keywords is still an advantage, even though the importance of the keywords has dramatically decreased for external crawlers. Internal crawlers can still trust your keywords and improve your website search feature.
Source and further information:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger
http://www.essex.ac.uk/wag/searchguide/search2.aspx
The tested website contains keywords.
The logical connection between definition and form field is missing if the form fields lack an explicit title.
This means that in the instance of a linear form, it is not apparent which definition belongs to which fiels. This is why the element LABEL was introduced with the attribute for, allowing the explicit definition for form fields.
Using the element LABEL allows Screen-Readerusers in particular to view the definition of the form field directly in the form field itself.
Source:
http://www.barrierefreies-webdesign.de/knowhow/formulare/label.html. Further information can be found in the W3C accessibility guidelines (12.4 Associate labels explicitly with their controls, Guideline 12, Accessibility Guidelines for Web Content 1.0, W3C recommendations 5th May 1999http://www.w3c.de/Trans/WAI/webinhalt.html) und http://de.selfhtml.org/html/formulare/strukturieren.htm.
The tested website complies with this requirement.
A table based layout carries many disadvantages if compared to a purely CSS layout. A CSS layout improves both accessibility and performance.
Further information:
A detailed article by Douglas Bowman can be found onhttp://www.stopdesign.com/articles/throwing_tables/.
Hint for webmasters: Be sure that when embedding third party content, e.g. with iFrame, there are no layout tables included.
The tested website does not use table layout.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
RSS is a technique that allows users to subscribe to contents of a website such as news, reports, blogs, etc. Atom is a format competing with RSS.
Newly published content is regularly and automatically downloaded on the subscriber's computer or other devices thanks to RSS or Atom. This allows the subscriber to keep up to date.
Functions based on RSS are increasingly integrated in existing applications, like e-mail programmes or web browsers.
Further information:
http://www.stefanbucher.net/tutorial/rss/
Acronyms:
RSS: Really Simple Syndication, also called Rich Site Summary or RDF Site Summary
Contents in RSS or Atom format were found.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
An image map is a graphics file with clickable areas to re-direct users. This means that single areas of the graphics file can be defined in such way that they act like a link in a text. By clicking on the specific area, the users are taken to an external URL or to pre-defined are of the website.
Image maps contain problems, especially when they contain barriers. A solution for barrier-free image maps can be found on http://expertinnen-web.de/2006-115/barrierefreie-image-maps/
Further information: http://de.selfhtml.org/html/grafiken/verweis_sensitive.htm
The tested website complies with the requirements.
Alternative text is displayed if an image cannot be downloaded or if the mouse pointer is moved over the image*. The alternative text is on one hand important for visually impaired visitors, using an audio tool to read the content of the website and the alternative text of images.
On the other hand, alternative text can also be recognised by search engines. Alternative text needs to be phrased in a meaningful manner, though it should not be a detailed description of the image.
Further information:
http://www.bjoernsworld.de/html/alt-text.html
http://webdesign.crissov.de/alt-Text#Start
* Internet Explorer shows alternative text as a tooltip if the mouse pointer is rested on the image. This is not prohibited but it can annoy page authors. It does also indicate that the alt-attribute refers to this tooltip, which is wrong. Should you want to add a descriptive tooltip to your images, make use of the attribute "title".
Quelle: http://de.selfhtml.org/html/grafiken/einbinden.htm#referenz
The tested website contains alternative text for images. The length of the alternative text remains between 8 and 80 characters.
Using the ideal number of keywords can contribute to the searchability of a website. However, search engines may class it as "keyword spam" if too many keywords are used.
The keywords contained in the tested website are neither too many nor too few.
DNS assigns an IP address to the names of servers on the internet. It is advisable, to increase the availability of a website, to use several name servers. RFC2182, section 5, suggests to use a minimum of 3 and a maximum of 7 name servers.Source and further information:
http://rfc.net/rfc2182.html, and http://www.rfc-editor.org/.
Acronyms:
DNS: Domain Name System
IP: Internet Protocol
The tested website contains more than two name servers.
Name servers should be placed in different physical locations.
"It is recommended that three servers be provided for most
organisation level zones, with at least one which must be well
removed from the others. For zones where even higher reliability is
required, four, or even five, servers may be desirable. Two, or
occasionally three of five, would be at the local site, with the
others not geographically or topologically close to the site, or each
other."
Source and further information regarding the amount and location of a second name server can be found in RFC2182 3.1.
http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2182.html
The tested website complies with this requirement.
Missing height and width size of images is a typical error in HTML, which impacts the performance of the website. A precise definition of height and width allows a quicker download of the website, as the browser recognises the space needed for the image and can leave it empty.
Source and further information: http://de.selfhtml.org/html/grafiken/einbinden.htm#breite_hoehe
All images on the tested website contain a precise description of height and width.
To abstract design from the structure and the content, HTML should contain classes. Classes are invisible to web site users, and allow to classify elements, paragraphs, areas, etc.
The website designer can select and re-format classes with a stylesheet. Classes are only necessary if they differentiate elements, paragraphs, areas, etc. A common mistake is for instance the classification of all elements of one type, which does not add any value but makes the HTML and CSS code unnecessarily long, complex and difficult to understand. Such cases are also referred to as "Classitis", see also
http://www.bs-markup.de/blog/archiv/2005/06/30/dr-css/ .
Another typical error is the wrong naming of the classes.
An article detailing these problems can be found on the seven49.net - Papers.
/Web/de/Papers_Links/Bezeichnung_von_IDs_und_Klassen.htm
The tested website complies with the requirements.
Search engines do not include pages in their indexes which contain "?id=" or "&id=" in their URL or query string. Examples:
http://www.anyaddress.com/index.html?id=727
http://www.anyaddress.com/products.aspx?category=3&id=7
Google does actually index those pages since Autumn 2006, in contrast to their previous practice. Still, those URLs are not advisable since they do not specify how other objects are called, they mean nothing to users and they are not optimised for search engines. An additional tool is available for this test, which allows to highlight any warnings, tips and hints in the source text of the website. You can find this tool here:
http://www.qualidator.com/Web/en/ProductsServices/SiteAnalyzer2.htm
"If you decide to use dynamic pages (i.e., the URL contains a "?" character), be aware that not every search engine spider crawls dynamic pages as well as static pages. It helps to keep the parameters short and the number of them few."
Bad examples:
http://www.irgendeineadresse.com/index.html?id=727
http://www.irgendeineadresse.com/products.aspx?category=3&id=7
Source:
http://www.google.com/support/webmasters/bin/answer.py?answer=35769
The tested website complies with the requirements.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
Names of links should be short, precise and meaningful. Links such as "more" or the die character sequence ">>" should be avoided, as the user should be specifically told what "more" can be expected.
Source and further information:
"Prioritizing Web Usability" by Jakob Nielsen/Hoa Loranger; there are also good examples on http://de.selfhtml.org/html/verweise/definieren.htm
The tested website complies with the requirements.
Accessibility guideline 10.5 for web content 1.0 W3C, dated 5th May 1999 states: "Until user agents (including assistive technologies) render adjacent links distinctly, include non-link, printable characters (surrounded by spaces) between adjacent links." http://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT.
This means that subsequent links should be separated by a printable, non hyper-linked and free-standing character. The prolem is easily solved by using a navigation list for the links <ul>. Additional characters can be added with CSS.
Further information:
http://www.vorsprungdurchwebstandards.de/theory/accessibility-nach-vorschrift/;
http://de.selfhtml.org/html/text/listen.htm
On the tested web site, subsequent links are distinguished by the list element <ul> or are clearly kept apart through printable, not hyperlinked characters.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
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The tested website successfully passed this test.
Older web projects were often designed with so-called "empty images" (i.e. images without content, used as placeholder). This technique is now outdated and should be replaced with CSS features such as "Padding" and "Margin". This allows an increased performance of the website, as well as a strict separation between design and content, and an abstraction of the design from the structure.
Further information:
http://seybold.jan-andresen.de/05killer.php
No empty images were found on the tested website.